Network attacks rarely start loudly. They slip in through small gaps—like outdated software or weak access controls—and spread fast if there's no network isolation. We've seen how a single misstep can lead to outages, data loss, or worse. We also know what to watch out for—and how to stop it.

We'll go over:

• How network attacks actually start
• Why security breaches hit harder than expected
• The 8 most common ways attackers break in
• Smart ways to stop threats before they spread
• What to do if ransomware locks you out
• What past breaches teach us about prevention
• Real-world cybersecurity examples that work
• Answers to common questions about network threats
• How Meter builds networks that fight back

What are network attacks?

Network attacks are unauthorized attempts to access, alter, or disrupt a network or its data. They may come from external actors or trusted insiders—and often involve multiple entry points. Some attacks aim to extract data. Others focus on taking systems offline or gaining access through stolen or weak credentials.

Many start with an overlooked login, misconfigured device, or outdated system. From our perspective at Meter, these incidents are a top driver of network redesigns. That’s why we build vertically integrated systems that reduce vulnerabilities from the ground up.

How do network security attacks impact businesses?

A network attack can bring operations to a halt, leak sensitive data, and damage customer trust. The real cost often comes after the breach—lost revenue, broken SLAs, legal fees, and compliance penalties. 

We’ve seen attacks delay shipments, shut down internal systems, or trigger fines from missed regulatory obligations. Healthcare, finance, and SaaS companies face tight uptime requirements. Even an hour of downtime can snowball into bigger problems.

Smaller teams are also frequent targets. Without dedicated security staff or layered defenses, a single vulnerable device or outdated system can become the entry point.

8 types of cyberattacks and how they work

We’ve seen these patterns repeat across industries. Some attacks go after end users. Others go straight for infrastructure. All of them are preventable—with the right setup.

1. Malware attacks

Malware is malicious software that infiltrates systems to steal data, spy on users, or destroy infrastructure.

It can enter through phishing emails, drive-by downloads, unpatched software, or infected USB drives. Once inside, malware may lie dormant, escalate privileges, or spread laterally. It’s often part of multi-stage attacks.

Common types include:

• Viruses that attach to legitimate files and spread when opened
• Worms that self-replicate and travel across networks without user interaction
• Trojans that disguise themselves as legitimate tools
• Spyware that captures keystrokes and screen activity
• Wipers that destroy files or overwrite the master boot record

One of the most devastating malware strains was NotPetya in 2017. Initially disguised as ransomware, it encrypted files but lacked a way to decrypt them—even if the ransom was paid.

The malware used two main techniques to spread:

• EternalBlue, an NSA-developed exploit leaked by the Shadow Brokers
• Mimikatz, a post-exploitation tool to harvest credentials from memory

It targeted Ukrainian organizations through a compromised software update from MeDoc, an accounting platform. But it didn’t stop there. It spread globally, taking down systems at Maersk, Merck, and FedEx TNT, among others.

The White House later blamed the attack on Russian military hackers, calling it the most destructive cyber event to date.

NotPetya was a wiper disguised as ransomware, designed to inflict damage, not extract payments. It highlighted how malware can blur categories—and why behavior-based detection is now a baseline requirement.

To prevent malware:

• Deploy endpoint detection and response (EDR) with real-time behavior analysis.
• Keep operating systems and third-party software patched.
• Restrict user permissions and disable macros in documents by default.

2. Phishing and social engineering attacks

Phishing uses fake messages to trick people into sharing passwords or private files. Attackers often pretend to be someone you trust—like a boss, vendor, or IT support. The emails usually feel urgent. Some ask you to click a link. Others ask for money or login info.

Business Email Compromise (BEC) is more targeted. Attackers fake or steal a real work email to trick someone into wiring money or changing bank info. They often watch inboxes for weeks before striking.

Spear phishing is even more personal. It targets one person using names, roles, or details pulled from social media or public sites.

In 2020, Twitter was breached through phone-based social engineering. Attackers called employees, tricked them into giving up VPN logins, and then used admin tools to hijack accounts like Apple and Elon Musk. They used the accounts to push crypto scams and stole over $100,000 in Bitcoin.

To stop phishing and social engineering:

• Train staff to spot unusual requests or links.
• Use email filters that block spoofed domains.
• Require multi-factor authentication on all logins.

3. Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks

DDoS attacks flood a service with fake traffic until it slows down or crashes. They come from botnets—huge armies of hacked devices like webcams, routers, or smart TVs. Some floods target your internet pipe. Others hit your routers or overwhelm your login pages with fake clicks.

The worst ones blend all three layers. They burn bandwidth, crash your hardware, and drain your apps at the same time.

In 2016, a botnet called Mirai took down DNS provider Dyn with one of the biggest DDoS attacks ever recorded. It knocked out Reddit, Netflix, GitHub, and Spotify for hours—just by breaking the tool those sites use to load domain names (KrebsOnSecurity).

To reduce the damage from DDoS:

• Use traffic filters and IP blocklists.
• Add DDoS protection from cloud or ISP providers.
• Set rate limits and use a CDN to absorb hits.

4. Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks

A MitM attack happens when someone secretly sits between two devices and watches or changes what they send. Attackers can spy on private messages, steal login tokens, or inject fake data into the stream. These attacks are common on unsecured Wi-Fi, but they also happen on poorly secured internal networks.

One method is HTTPS stripping, where attackers downgrade a connection to make it unencrypted. Others include DNS spoofing, which sends users to fake sites, and session hijacking, which steals cookies to impersonate someone after login.

Weak or exposed credentials—especially when saved as a visible network security key on shared devices—make these attacks easier to pull off.

In 2011, a Dutch company called DigiNotar was hacked. Attackers created fake TLS certificates for major sites like Google. That let them run MitM attacks that looked secure—because browsers trusted the forged certs. The attack enabled mass surveillance in Iran for weeks before being discovered.

To protect against MitM attacks:

• Use TLS encryption and check for HTTPS in your browser.
• Use a VPN when working on untrusted networks.
• Avoid public Wi-Fi without encryption or endpoint security.

5. Ransomware attacks

Ransomware is malware that locks your files and demands money to unlock them. It encrypts data so that you can’t open or use it. Many newer strains also steal files first. If you don’t pay, they threaten to leak the data. Even if you do pay, there’s no guarantee the attacker sends the decryption key—or keeps your data private.

Ransomware spreads through phishing emails, infected websites, or exposed remote access tools. Some strains, like WannaCry, don’t even need users to click anything. In 2017, WannaCry used a Windows bug to infect over 200,000 machines across 150 countries. It hit UK hospitals, FedEx, and car factories around the world.

To reduce the risk of ransomware:

• Back up files to secure cloud or offline storage.
• Patch Windows and third-party software quickly.
• Use email filters and endpoint security tools.
• Disable RDP if you’re not using it.
• Limit admin access and segment your network.

6. Credential stuffing and brute-force attacks

Credential stuffing floods login pages with stolen usernames and passwords until something works. Attackers use leaked credentials from other data breaches and try them across multiple sites. If someone reused a password—at work or at home—it’s game over. 

Brute-force attacks go one step further: They guess passwords using bots until they crack one.

These attacks don’t break in—they log in. That’s what makes them hard to spot. They often look like normal users failing to sign in. Without tools that track behavior, most systems won’t flag them.

In 2021, attackers logged into Colonial Pipeline’s VPN using a leaked password from an earlier breach. There was no multi-factor authentication (MFA). That one reused login gave them access—and days later, they deployed ransomware that shut down fuel systems across the East Coast.

To prevent brute-force and credential stuffing attacks:

• Require multi-factor authentication on all user accounts.
• Block login attempts after a few failures.
• Use identity tools that detect abnormal access patterns.
• Encourage unique passwords and use a password manager.

7. SQL injection and web application attacks

SQL injection tricks websites into sending harmful commands to their own databases. It happens when input fields don’t check or clean up what users type. Attackers add SQL code into a login box or URL—and the app runs it. That can let them read private data, delete records, or take full control of the app.

SQL injection is just one type of web attack. Others include Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), which targets users by injecting JavaScript, and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), which tricks users into performing actions without their consent. API flaws are also common—especially when endpoints forget to check user roles or input rules.

In 2008, attackers used SQL injection to break into Heartland Payment Systems. They planted malware that captured card numbers as they moved through the network. Over 100 million cards were stolen before the breach was discovered (Wired).

To prevent these types of attacks:

• Use input validation and parameterized queries in your code.
• Add a web application firewall to monitor and block malicious requests.
• Run security reviews and testing before code goes live.

8. Supply chain attacks

Supply chain attacks hit companies through the tools and services they rely on. Instead of going straight at a target, attackers hack a vendor, cloud provider, or software update system. Then they use that access to slip into larger networks.

In 2020, hackers broke into SolarWinds and slipped malware into an update for its Orion monitoring platform. That update was trusted—and signed.

Over 18,000 customers installed it, including U.S. government agencies and Fortune 500 companies. From there, attackers picked high-value victims and went deeper.

These attacks are hard to spot because they start inside trusted tools.

To reduce supply chain risk:

• Review vendors for strong security policies.
• Ask for SOC 2 reports or other security certifications.
• Apply Zero Trust: don’t assume vendor systems are safe.
• Segment third-party access away from your core systems.
• Track open-source code and dependencies for suspicious updates.

How to prevent network security attacks

Most attacks don’t require elite hacking skills—just one weak password, outdated system, or overlooked device. That’s why prevention isn’t about perfection. It’s about removing easy targets, limiting access, and spotting issues before they spread.

Here’s what we focus on when designing secure networks at Meter.

Strengthening network infrastructure

Good network security starts with the right hardware and smart monitoring. Tools like firewalls, IDS/IPS, and traffic analyzers help catch threats before they spread.

Meter's security takes that further. Our appliances don’t just send alerts—they block bad traffic in real time and show you exactly what’s going on in your network. That makes it easier to act fast and stop problems early.

Implementing Zero Trust security

Zero Trust means no device or user is trusted by default—not even inside the network. Every access request is checked, verified, and limited based on need. That’s how Meter builds security into every layer of our service.

While we don’t offer network security as a service (NSaaS) as a standalone product, our vertically integrated model includes many of the same protections. You'll get identity checks, device posture validation, and network segmentation—by default.

Conducting regular security training

Most breaches begin with someone clicking the wrong link or missing a warning sign. That’s why we recommend running security awareness sessions at least once per quarter.

These sessions should cover phishing detection, safe use of shared tools, and how to report something suspicious. The more your team knows, the faster they’ll react—and the harder it’ll be for attackers to slip through unnoticed.

Using multi-factor authentication (MFA)

Stolen passwords are still a top attack method—but MFA makes them a lot harder to use. We suggest using time-based one-time passwords (TOTP) or app-based push notifications, not SMS codes. These methods add a second layer of defense without frustrating users. Meter requires MFA across all access points in every deployment.

Keeping systems and software updated

Most attacks don’t use fancy new tricks—they rely on old bugs. Unpatched software is one of the easiest ways in.

We recommend automating patches for operating systems, browsers, and third-party apps whenever possible. We also run regular version audits to make sure nothing is lagging behind or missing a critical fix.

Backing up data regularly

If ransomware hits, your backups are what keep you in business. Use cloud backups or offline storage that can’t be tampered with from your main network. But storing data isn’t enough—you need to test your restores.

We work with customers to run test recoveries so they’re not panicking during an outage or attack.

What should I do if my company is targeted by ransomware?

Start by disconnecting any infected systems to stop the spread. Don’t power them off—just pull the plug from the network.

Next, report the incident to law enforcement and alert your IT and legal teams. The FBI and CISA both recommend against paying the ransom. Even if you pay, there’s no guarantee your data will be restored—or kept private.

Bring in a digital forensics team to figure out how the attack started and what was affected. Save system logs and backups for analysis. Once it’s safe, restore your data from clean, tested backups and patch any systems that were vulnerable.

Lessons learned by real-world cyber security incidents

Every headline-making breach started somewhere small:

• Missed updates
• Reused credentials
• One tool too trusted

These eight real-world incidents reveal where defenses failed—and how those gaps could’ve been closed.

Case study 1: NotPetya malware disguised as ransomware

When NotPetya hit, it looked like ransomware—but acted more like a wiper. The lesson here is realizing that malware doesn’t always want money. Sometimes it just wants chaos.

Systems that weren’t isolated, monitored, or backed up fell hardest. Tools that detect unusual behavior—not just known signatures—are key when attackers hide in plain sight.

Case study 2: Twitter spear phishing breach

Attackers didn’t break in—they were invited in by social engineering. Twitter’s 2020 breach made it clear that employees can’t defend what they don’t understand.

Training once a year isn’t enough. Phishing drills, incident simulations, and clear reporting paths help teams act fast when something feels off.

Case study 3: Mirai and the Dyn DDoS attack

Mirai weaponized unsecured devices—most of them not even meant for business use. The takeaway is that every connected device is part of your security footprint, even if it’s “just a camera.” Blocking junk traffic early and using upstream DDoS filtering helps protect the services users rely on most.

Case study 4: DigiNotar certificate authority breach

DigiNotar showed what happens when trust in encryption breaks down. Fake certificates fooled users into thinking they were safe.

The lesson here is simple: Don’t assume TLS alone is enough.

Certificate validation, secure DNS, and encrypted VPN tunnels offer extra layers when the trust chain fails.

Case study 5: WannaCry ransomware outbreak

WannaCry didn’t invent anything new—it used a known Windows bug. That attack made it clear that patching isn’t optional.

Systems that hadn’t been updated in weeks—or even years—spread the malware without resistance. Automating updates and tracking what’s out of date should be a standard part of every network.

Case study 6: Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack

Colonial Pipeline fell because one VPN account didn’t have MFA. That single weak point halted fuel delivery across the East Coast.

It should go without saying but never rely on passwords alone. MFA isn’t just for email—it should cover every system, especially remote access. Additionally, any unused accounts should be shut down fast.

Case study 7: Heartland Payment Systems SQL injection

Heartland’s breach came from a simple web form. The code behind it didn’t check inputs—and that opened the door to malware that skimmed credit card data.

The takeaway is to treat every input like it might be hostile. Input validation, secure coding practices, and regular code reviews are meant for the long haul.

Case study 8: SolarWinds supply chain hack

SolarWinds taught everyone that even your trusted tools can turn against you. When attackers slip into a supply chain, they don’t knock—they walk right through the front door.

Thankfully, there is a fix.

Monitor vendor behavior like you would internal users. Device verification, encrypted telemetry, and tight access rules can limit the blast radius when a third-party tool goes sideways.

What these incidents reveal about security today

None of these attacks required new techniques. They all exploited gaps that could’ve been closed—missed updates, weak passwords, exposed devices, or too much trust in software and people.

You have to understand that defense isn’t about perfection. It’s about removing easy entry points, spotting strange behavior fast, and building systems that don’t fall apart when one part fails.

That’s the model we follow at Meter—networks that assume risk, limit exposure, and make attackers work a lot harder to get in.

Cybersecurity examples

Strong security isn’t just firewalls and passwords—it’s the combination of smart tools, good habits, and quick reactions.

Here are a few cyber security examples we see most often, especially in managed environments like ours.

1. Multi-factor authentication (MFA)

When a password leaks, MFA keeps attackers out. It’s simple, fast, and stops most credential-based attacks cold.

2. Endpoint protection tools

These tools detect malware before it spreads. They flag strange behavior—like a spreadsheet opening PowerShell or an app reaching out to a shady IP.

3. Network segmentation

Separating systems by role or risk keeps an infection from moving freely. If one device gets hit, others stay safe.

4. Phishing detection and reporting

Email filters catch most fake messages, but people still need to spot the ones that slip through. Quick reporting limits exposure.

5. Automated updates

Outdated software is one of the most common ways attackers get in. Automating patches shuts that door.

6. Access control and user roles

Limiting what users and devices can see reduces risk. If someone doesn’t need access, they shouldn’t have it.

7. Data backups with recovery testing

A backup isn’t enough—you have to know it works. We regularly test restores with teams so they’re not guessing during an outage.

Not only best practices, but table stakes

Modern networks need to be built with security baked in from the start. That’s why Meter’s managed model includes everything from access enforcement to threat detection, all fully integrated. It’s not layered on later—it’s part of the network itself.

Frequently asked questions

What’s the difference between phishing and social engineering attacks?

Phishing uses fake messages. Social engineering includes phishing—but also phone calls, pretexting, and physical intrusions.

How can I prevent DDoS attacks on my website?

Use DDoS mitigation services, geo-blocking, and rate limiting. Cloud-based services like Cloudflare or AWS Shield help too.

Why is Zero Trust security important for network defense?

Zero Trust prevents lateral movement and limits the blast radius of any breach. We apply it to every device and user.

How does multi-factor authentication help against cyber threats?

Even if a password is leaked, MFA blocks unauthorized access. It adds a second layer that attackers can’t easily bypass.

What role do firewalls play in network security?

Firewalls control incoming and outgoing traffic. They’re a key filter for unwanted connections and traffic anomalies.

How can small businesses protect against cyberattacks?

Use managed services, MFA, automated updates, and regular security training. A small stack can still be secure.

What are the latest trends in cybersecurity threats?

New security threats include supply chain compromises, AI-driven phishing, and zero-day exploits. Visibility and fast response are now table stakes.

Strengthen your network security with Meter

Our networks are designed to block network attacks at every layer. We handle hardware, installation, updates, and monitoring—no need to juggle vendors or piece together tools. Each deployment includes automatic patching, built-in threat detection, and Zero Trust access controls to limit exposure from day one.

Key features of Meter Network include:

• Vertically integrated: Meter-built access points, switches, and security appliances work together to create a cohesive, stress-free network management experience.
• Managed Experience: Meter provides user support and done-with-you network management to reduce the burden on in-house networking teams.
• Hassle-free installation: Simply provide a floor plan, and Meter’s team will plan, install, and maintain your network.
• Software: Use Meter’s purpose-built dashboard for deep visibility and granular control of your network, or create custom dashboards with a prompt using Meter Command.
• OpEx pricing: Instead of investing upfront in equipment, Meter charges a simple monthly subscription fee based on your square footage. When it’s time to upgrade your network, Meter provides complimentary new equipment and installation.
• Easy migration and expansion: As you grow, Meter will expand your network with new hardware or entirely relocate your network to a new location free of charge.

To learn more, schedule a demo with Meter.